Bringing a new life into the world is a beautiful journey. However, for parents living with HIV, it comes with unique challenges—especially the risk of transmitting the virus to their unborn or newborn child.
With the right knowledge and healthcare support, this risk can be significantly reduced. Understanding the factors that increase the chances of HIV transmission from parent to child is the first step toward prevention.
1. Lack of Antiretroviral Therapy (ART): When an HIV-positive mother doesn’t receive ART during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding, the viral load in her body remains high. This increases the risk of the virus being passed to the baby during any stage of this period.
2. Late HIV Diagnosis: If a mother finds out she’s HIV-positive late in her pregnancy or after delivery, it leaves little time to begin ART or take other preventive measures.
3. Breastfeeding Without ART: HIV can be transmitted through breast milk. If the mother is not on ART, the virus may be present in the milk, increasing the risk of infecting the baby.
4. Mixed Feeding: Combining breastfeeding with other foods or liquids can irritate the baby’s stomach lining, making it easier for HIV to enter the bloodstream.
5. High Viral Load: A mother with a high level of HIV in her blood is more likely to transmit the virus. Regular monitoring and ART help to lower this viral load significantly.
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6. Untreated Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): If either parent has an untreated STI, it can increase the risk of HIV transmission by weakening the body’s immune defenses and causing inflammation.
7. Delivery Method: Vaginal delivery in cases where the mother has a high viral load can increase the baby’s exposure to the virus. In such cases, doctors may recommend a cesarean section.
8. Poor Access to Healthcare: In areas where HIV testing, prenatal care, or ART is limited, parents may miss out on lifesaving interventions that could protect their baby.
In conclusion, while HIV transmission from parent to child is a serious concern, it is not inevitable. With proper awareness, timely medical intervention, and support, many HIV-positive parents go on to have HIV-negative children and lead fulfilling family lives.